Anatomy-Based Joint Models

for Virtual Humans Skeletons

The Paper

PDF File (0.5MB)

Some Results of the Knee Test-case

Lateral view MPEG 0.9MB

Flexion of the right knee. Lateral view.
Frontal view MPEG 0.8MB

Flexion of the right knee. Frontal view.

 
Isometric view
MPEG 0.9MB

Flexion of the right knee. Isometric view.

Plastic Model of the Knee

Experiment performed in a very realistic plastic model with the aid of the orthopedist.
Strings has been used to apply forces onto bones, playing the role of muscles.
Plastic model - lateral MPEG 1.6MB

Flexion of the right knee. Lateral view of the plastic model. 
Plastic model - frontal MPEG 1.9MB

Flexion of the right knee. Frontal view of the plastic model.
Plastic model - iso MPEG 2.0MB

Flexion of the right knee. Isometric view of the plastic model.

Video-arthroscopy Images 

Surgery directed by doctor Paulo Roberto Pires Rockett M.D. at the Mãe de Deus Hospital in Porto Alegre.
Arthroscopy - external MPEG 2.2MB

External view of the operation. The upper part of the patient's leg is immobilized while the doctor can move the lower one. Surgery tools and a video camera are inserted in the knee capsule by means of two small cuts made by the surgeon. The monitor on the background shows the internal view of the knee used by the surgeon to guide the tools.

Arthroscopy - internal MPEG 3.1MB

The view from inside the knee capsule. On the top you can see the patella; the femur condyles are bellow. A flexion extension movement is performed by the surgeon. You can observe that, in the first phase of motion, the patella touches the condyle at your left (lateral condyle). Later on, it touches the medial condyle and follows its motion sliding between the condyles.